Despite economic entanglements and numerous international disputes, Russia has not abandoned its goal of creating a strategic deterrence against the United States over the past decade. As the result of its efforts, Russia today has access to ultra-supersonic advanced strategic weapons and projectiles that distinguish it from other Nuclear powers worldwide. The objectives pursued by this paper are to examine the dimensions and characteristics of Russia's new Nuclear deterrence strategy, the reasons for adopted this strategy and its consequences for Russia's relations with Europe and the United States. Accordingly, the present paper seeks to provide appropriate answers for the following questions: "What is the most prominent feature of Russia's new Nuclear deterrence strategy? ” and “ What are its implications for the troika of Russia-EU-US relations? " The author argues that "The ability to pose a direct threat to the United States, rather than a proxy threat to Europe, is the most prominent feature of Russia's new Nuclear deterrence strategy that may lead to the proximity of Russia to the European Union and deepening the rift on both sides of the Atlantic. A qualitative method and descriptive-explanatory methodology is employed in this paper and its theoretical foundation is laid on the deterrence (Nuclear) theory.

Nuclear disarmament is an institution that coincided with the emergence of the first Nuclear weapons. Almost all Nuclear documents, including NPT, view Nuclear disarmament as the ultimate destination on this path. But the application of the theory of Nuclear deterrence have so far prevented this goal from being realized. In September 2017, non-Nuclear-weapon states parties to the NPT, approved the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), which was welcomed by peace advocates and humanitarian organizations but encountered with the boycott of Nuclear-weapon-states and their allies. While the Treaty has not yet entered into force, it has raised many questions, including how it interacts with the NPT and its step-by-step disarmament program, so that its opponents believe it undermines the international consensus and all efforts which have been made. But proponents view it as a new legal and ethical norm that could put additional pressure on Nuclear-weapon-states to abandon the theory of deterrence and accept Nuclear disarmament.

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons  (TPNW) is a significant international achievement and a stable multilateral regime. It imposes limitations on developing, testing, producing, accessing, having at the disposal, storing, or threatening to use Nuclear weapons. The pact was ratified in September 2017 and enacted on Jan. 22, 2021. Making this Treaty universal takes purposeful political effort. Persuading Nuclear and Nuclear-armed countries to participate in enforcing the agreement is difficult. It will face vehement political opposition. Such involvement requires a different approach and a discourse-oriented atmosphere. Criteria associated with human rights, humanitarian rights, international ethics, and international security should be introduced into this matter. Sadly, despite the extensive efforts of peace advocates and the goodwill of numerous countries, the governments have taken no disarmament-oriented measures. This paper uses a descriptive-analytical method to answer the question, “How can we realize Nuclear disarmament through TPNW? ” Our results indicate that the wording of the Treaty provisions makes Nuclear disarmament possible through the global consensus of the member states. Highlights Introduction The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (the UN, 2017) was enacted in January 2021. Joining this Treaty is an opportunity to enhance standards opposing Nuclear armament. The primary goal of the convention is a global commitment of states to refrain from having Nuclear weapons. No Nuclear-armed country has declared support for the Treaty. Nevertheless, two main options allow Nuclear-armed countries to join. They can either eliminate such weapons before joining or follow the elimination method specified in the Treaty once they enter it. The global community’s abundant efforts toward Nuclear disarmament and their political role in international laws are undeniable. From the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to the establishment of the United Nations (UN) and after the cold war, there have been developments in the proliferation and non-proliferation of Nuclear armament. The first UN resolution was to eliminate atomic weapons. Compare these evolutions with the self-serving political interests. The age of the atom throws facts on humans at an overwhelming speed. It exceeds our mental capacity to deal with the political issues arising from the power of atomic technology. And there is no turning back. The physical energy of matter and Nuclear technology have become political power and challenged international laws at any level possible. The goal of Nuclear disarmament is described idealistically In TPNW. It implicitly legitimizes atomic states. This pact, nevertheless, has supplied a legal framework for a Nuclear-weapons-free world. This paper uses international laws and international relations (and their critiques of each other) to assess the following hypothesis, “Can TPNW effectively create and maintain a global standard against Nuclear weapons and lead to Nuclear disarmament? ” The study first examines the general principles of Nuclear disarmament for TPNW members. We then discuss how the Treaty interacts with and treats the non-atomic countries who request to become Nuclear. Finally, we analyze the convention legally. Methodology This paper uses descriptive-analytical methodology. Results and Findings Our study indicated that global Nuclear disarmament could be realized through the intelligent use of explicit rules of TPNW. The Treaty has content that lets a state with atomic weapons join it. An international authority must eliminate and destroy those Nuclear armaments according to a scheduled program in such cases. Executing this plan would face a wide range of challenges, including protecting access-restricted (INF)ormation during disarmament,It also requires specialty in atomic arms or full cooperation of Nuclear-armed countries. The Treaty is a practical means to carry out joining options and disarm. TPNW presents the disarming state and member ones with a feasible, credible solution to destroy atomic armament. The international authority can plan a procedure that includes all Nuclear disarmament activities to deal with Nuclear weapons elimination challenges. Once all the atomic arms and fissile materials released during removal are eliminated, the authority can verify the process and confirm the veracity of the material size declared initially. This lets a TPNW authority certify the disarmament process without accessing access-restricted or classified (INF)ormation regarding atomic arms. Such authorities might focus on shutting down or changing the use of fissile material production facilities. While producing military-grade materials is a crucial part of the Nuclear armament program, verifying the termination of fissile materials production in those facilities does not need special knowledge or specialty. As a result, the globalization of TPNW is rooted in standards, principles, and persuasive reasoning. The primary argument of Treaty-supporting countries is making the possibility of freeing the world from Nuclear armament through negotiations and globalization a fixed priority in the coming years through Treaty. To this end, civil society plays a vital role in keeping TPNW and Nuclear arms at the center of public attention and asking for constant participation and political measures regarding Nuclear disarmament to reduce the atomic violence threat.

The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) uses a special detection method to verify activities for the member states of the organization. One of the systems based on these methods, is sampling system of airborne radioactive particles. The radionuclide monitoring is the only technique that provides the forensic or confirmatory evidence that a detected explosion is Nuclear in nature. The radionuclide station including air sampler and detection unit, was designed to achieve a detection capability of not less than 90% within approximately 14 days for a 1 kt Nuclear explosion in the atmosphere or from venting by an underground or underwater detonation. In this paper, SNOW WHITE® sampler has been investigated and some technical objections to this type of sampling system have been introduced. Finally, a sampling system that can resolve related technical problems (bugs), have been simulated and some suggestions to using at the Treaty have been proposed.

The Treaty on prohibition of Nuclear weapons was adopted on 20 September 2017 and up until now (July 2021), 53 states have acceded to it. The Treaty, which is the international community’s latest legal action against Nuclear weapons, entered into force on 22 January 2021. Iran confirmed the final text of the Treaty at the UN conference in New York on 7 July 2017, but has so far failed to accede to it. This study analyzed the extent of the Treaty’s (INF)luence on the process of Nuclear disarmament and the delegitimization of Nuclear weapons in the world. The consequences of the accession of Iran to this Treaty were also studied and analyzed by employing a descriptive- analytical research method. The results portrayed that while the implementation of the Treaty would strengthen the process of Nuclear disarmament and delegitimization of Nuclear weapons in the world and increase pressure against states with Nuclear weapons, the strong objection of such states, would hinder the realization of the Treaty goals. Furthermore, although Iran’s accession to the Treaty may strengthen its international status in the campaign against Nuclear weapons and its compliance with Nuclear transparency, at the same time its accession may bring new international challenges for the country.

Establishing a region free of Nuclear weapons in central Asia and Caucasus is one of the concepts developed for making this area non-Nuclear and its goal is not only to establish solidarity and develop security in the region but spread and promote peace and security in the world. The existence of atomic and non-atomic challenges in the region such as being in the proximity of two atomic powers, i.e. China and Russia, and two countries that possess atomic bombs (India and Pakistan), environmental problems existing since the soviet union times, terrorism, geopolitical importance of the area, and the presence of trans-regional Forces, have all made this region one of the most important areas in the world especially during the last decade. On the other hand, central Asia due its good potential, is going to use these capaabilities (energy and Transit) and by establishing security to prepare the grounds for attraction of foreign investment. This action not only reduces economic, internal and external problems of the member countries, but also due to mosaic nature of the relations of the region’s nation and cultures it can be a crucial factor in direction of national consensus and solidarity and reduction of the existing problems. Therefore, creating a region free of atomic weapons in this region can be a logical solution to these challenges. The present study is an attempt to consider not only the historical and geopolitical motivations for creating peaceful conditions in central Asia but also the reasons and factors involved and the obstacles constraining this effort.

The tendency towards creation of zones free of Nuclear weapon is one of the ways to move towards a world free of Nuclear weapon. This trend in the Middle East goes back to 1970s and despite apparent and numerous supports for it, the practical progress was not promising. This suggestion was first presented for the first time by Iran and was supported by Egypt. The approval of resolution about the Middle East free of Nuclear weapons in the NPT Review Conference in 1995 was an important progress on this issue. The conference extended the NPT for an unlimited period and approved the Nuclear weapons free zone for the Middle East and encouraged persuasion of this plan. Iran, Israel and the United States are the main and determining players during these years. The question raised by the present article is “what are the most important challenges and obstacles on the way of creation of Nuclear weapons free Middle East zone?” The paper by a descriptive-analytical method first describes the Nuclear weapons free zones and then evaluates the creation of Nuclear weapon free zone in the Middle East and the challenges and obstacles on the way of formation of such a Treaty. The paper concludes that the existence of Israel Nuclear weapon and non-membership of this country in NPT and adopting Nuclear deterrence strategy has led to serious obstacles on the way of formation of Nuclear weapons free zone.

Nuclear medicine is a complex Technology which is constituted by the integration of clinical practice, scientific research and strategic issues, supported by the inspiration, aspiration and perspiration of its dedicated professionals, and sustained by the consistent and systematic activities of various international and governmental organizations. Throughout the last 40 years, Nuclear medicine has emerged dramatically as a truly promising field in Korea through the progress and proliferation of research, technology and practice which was stimulated by multiple driving Forces as follows: foundation of the Korean Society of Nuclear Medicine, publishing related books and printed materials, host of the 3rd Asia and Oceania Congress of Nuclear Medicine and Biology, establishment of Korea Board of Nuclear Medicine, host country for World Federation and Congress of Nuclear Medicine and Biology, international cooperative activity through IAEA, JSNM, SNM, CJK, EANM and ARCCNM, contribution by national organizations such as Government, KAERI, Korea RI Association, etc, activated by the Korean Society of Nuclear Medicine Technologist, dedication by related industrial companies and introduction and expansion of PET/CT technology.Now it is time to seriously consider the answer for two fundamental questions: 1. Is it essential health technology? 2. Is it self‐survivable or self‐sustainable? It is important to recognize and emphasize the new driving Forces of our role in promoting and strengthening Nuclear medicine community, based on vision, innovative changes and networks, which are most important essentiality for global leadership.The leadership program should be held as a very important essential function to encourage all members to be real powerful leaders in Nuclear medicine community. We need powerful leaders and experienced advisory groups to provide strategic directions and proper guidance. It is also essential to build multiple teams to expand and activate human network, institutional network, international network, industrial network and strategic or political partnership network.The collaborative leadership through with national and international organizations will offer a scheme of global synergy to the overall growth and development of Nuclear medicine. It can improve global communication will encourage constant progress, ultimately increasing harmony and success and strengthening Nuclear medicine community.

Since the emergence of the Non-proliferation Treaty, the Nuclear powers by ignoring two pillars of “ disarmament” and “ transfer of peaceful Nuclear technology” have simultaneously preserved their Nuclear arsenals and posed serious challenges to the NPT by focusing only on its non-proliferation dimension and putting pressure on non-Nuclear states. These discriminative behaviors have resulted in disagreement between the member states and seriously jeopardized the integrity of the regime. Therefore, some scholars by expressing concern about its legitimacy are looking for a way to survive it. Therefore, the present article by using a descriptive-analytical approach aims to analyze the nature, objectives and pillars of this Treaty as well as present the pros, cons and challenges of the NPT. It would also try to evaluate whether imbalances in equal attention to the three pillars of the Treaty will ultimately lead to its decline or there is still hope for improvement and expansion of this regime? The results of this paper reveals that despite the failure of complete Nuclear disarmament due to the heavy consequences of its termination, it seems unlikely that by ignoring some of its achievements, efforts to reform this regime be abandoned and eventually lead to the downfall of the Treaty.